I was getting this error when imaging a new machine. Other apps were installing fine. The error itself didn't offer much information.
I modified the command line to include verbose logging:
MSIEXEC /i "%loc%AcroPro.msi" /q /norestart TRANSFORMS="%loc%AcroPro.mst" /L*V "%loc%Acrobat.log"
I ran the install again and looked at the log file. There I found an error regarding Visual C++ Redistributable 2013. The install failed because this was not present.
Adobe kind of buries the workaround in their documentation, but addding "IGNOREVCRT64=1" to the command line ignores the Visual C++ Redistributable 2013 requirement and installs cleanly.
MSIEXEC /i "%loc%AcroPro.msi" /q /norestart IGNOREVCRT64=1 TRANSFORMS="%loc%AcroPro.mst" /L*V "%loc%Acrobat.log"
